Caltrops were thrown on the ground, and the spike always pointed up. It could hurt the hoofs of the horses, as they are very sensitive. These spikes were thrown in masses.
Universal TPMS Tire Pressure Monitoring System Tire
The Caltrop: A Weapon That's Barely Changed Over 2,300 Years
The Caltrop: A Weapon That's Barely Changed Over 2,300 Years
Wargames Illustrated #097, PDF, Horse Gait
Medieval Weapons: Caltrops. Types of Caltrops, Facts and History
1039CALTROPS – Antique Armor
Medieval Weapons: Caltrops. Types of Caltrops, Facts and History
Caltrops - TV Tropes
Medieval Weapons: Caltrops. Types of Caltrops, Facts and History
Caltrop Weapons
Caltrop (Tire Spike) - CIA