The potential of biochar as a filter medium for onsite wastewater treatment was investigated in five sub-studies. Sub-study 1 compared pollutant removal from wastewater using pine-spruce biochar, willow biochar and activated biochar (undefined biomass) filters. Sub-study 2 investigated the effects of particle size (0.7, 1.4 and 2.8 mm) on pollutant removal using pine-spruce biochar filters. In sub-studies 3 and 4, the effects of the hydraulic loading rate (HLR; 32–200 L m−2) and organic loading rates (OLR; 5–20 g biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) m−2) on pollutant removal using pine-spruce biochar filters were investigated, while sub-study 5 compared pollutant removal in pine-spruce biochar filters and in sand. The removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (Tot-N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), phosphates (PO4-P) and total phosphorus (Tot-P) was monitored in all sub-studies. All types of biochar and all particle sizes of pine-spruce biochar achieved a high degree of removal of organic material (COD > 90%). Removal of Tot-P and PO4-P was higher in willow biochar and activated biochar (>70%) than in pine-spruce biochar during the first two months, but then decreased to similar levels as in pine-spruce biochar. Among the particle sizes tested, 0.7 mm pine-spruce biochar showed the lowest amount of Tot-P removal, while 2.8 mm pine-spruce biochar showed the lowest level of NH4-N removal. Different OLRs and HLRs did not influence COD removal (94–95%). Pine-spruce biochar showed a better degree of removal of Tot-N than sand. In conclusion, biochar is a promising filter medium for onsite wastewater treatment as a replacement or complement to sand, achieving high and robust performance regardless of the parent material, particle size or loading conditions.
Fresh Water 5 Gallon booklet includes 10 coupons plus 1 coupon FREE. Each coupon is valid for one 5 gallons (18.9 Liters) refill., How It Works,
Fresh Water Coupon Book | 10 coupons + 1 coupon FREE | 5 Gallon (18.9 Liters) Bottle Refill
Us Salinity Diagram Software Free Download - Colaboratory
GET A 1/4 LB OF ASSORTED SALT WATER TAFFY FREE!
Water Free Full Text Spatial Distribution Of Field Physico Chemical
Realistic Water Text Effect Mockup Stock Template
Instantly download these printable Glow Party Water Bottle Labels!, ALL TEXT IS EDITABLE! Type in your own custom text or even personalize a water
Glow Party Water Bottle Labels or Wrappers - Glow Theme Birthday Party - Printable Party Decorations - INSTANT DOWNLOAD with EDITABLE text
FREE) Water Text PSD Mockup - Photoshop Supply
Water, Free Full-Text
Water, Free Full-Text
earth, fire, water, sky wild, soft, free and full of flowers.
Water, Free Full-Text
Water, Free Full-Text